The long-term complications of Type 1 Diabetes

Possible future applications for C-peptide therapies

Nephropathy

urinary protein excretion and progressive loss of kidney function, risk of end-stage renal disease with need for dialysis treatment or renal transplantation

Retinopathy

retinal edema, microaneurysms, formation of new blood vessels retinal hemorrhage, gradual loss of vision and risk of blindness

Peripheral Neuropathy

reduced sensibility with numbness, tingling and pain involving the feet and lower legs, hypersensitivity, chronic ulcer formation, infection and risk of amputation

Autonomic Neuropathy

tachycardia and arrhythmias, postural hypotension, gastroparesis, urinary bladder dysfunction, erectile dysfunction and inability to perceive hypoglycemia